Khandha: [Sk. skandha] -- I. Crude meaning: bulk, massiveness (gross) substance. A. esp. used (a) of an elephant: the bulk of the body, i. e. its back S I.95; v¤ra¼assa J III.392; hatthi-khandha-vara-gata on the back of the state elephant J I.325; PvA 75. Also with ref. to an elephant (hatthin¤ga) sa¾j¤ta- "to whom has grown bulk=a large back" Sn 53, expl. SnA 103 by susa¼Âhitakkhandho "well endowed with bulk." (b) of a person: the shoulder or back: nangalaµ khandhe karitv¤ S I.115 appl. to M¤ra; Vism 100; DhA IV.168 (ohita-bh¤ra the load lifted off his shoulder). -- (c) of a tree: the trunk. rukkhassa PvA 114, also as rukkha- J I.324; t¤la- the stem of a palm PvA 56; nigrodhassa khandhaja (see cpds.) S I.207=Sn 272; m¬laµ atikkamma kh- µ s¤raµ pariyesitabbaµ "one must go beyond the root and search the trunk for sweetness" S IV.94. -- (d) as t.t. in exegetical literature: section, chapter, lit. material as collected into uniform bulk; freq. in postscripts to Texts and Commentaries. See also khandhaka. -- B. More general as denoting bulk; e. g. aggi- a great mass of fire M II.34, 41; J IV.139; udaka- a mass of water (i. e. ocean) A III.336; S IV.179; J I.324; PvA 62; pu¾¾a- a great accumulation of merit A III.336=S V.400; bhoga- a store of wealth A V.84; J I.6; ma¼i- an extraordinarily large jewel (possessing magic power) J II.102 sq. -
II. Applied meaning.--A. the body of, a collection of, mass, or parts of; in collective sense "all that is comprised under"; forming the substance of. (a) dukkha- all that is comprised under "dukkha," all that goes to make up or forms the substance, the idea of "ill." Most prominent in phrase kevalassa dukkhakhandhassa samudaya and nirodha (the origin & destruction of all that is suffering) with ref. to the paÂiccasamupp¤da, the chain of causal existence (q. v.) Vin I.1; S II.95; III.14; A I.177; V. 184 & passim. Similarly: samudaya Vbh 135 sq. nirodha Nett 64; antakiriy¤ A I.147; vy¤dhimara¼atunn¤naµ dukkhakkhandhaµ vyap¤nudi Th 2, 162. -- (b) lobha- dosa- moha- the three ingredients or integrations of greed, suffering and bewilderment, lit. "the big bulk or mass of greed" (see also under pad¤leti), S V.88 (nibbijjhati through the satta bojjhang¤). -- (c) vayo- a division of age, part of age, as threefold: purima-, majjhima-, pacchima- Nd2 in def. of sad¤. -- (d) s¨la (etc.) kh- the 3 (or 5) groups or parts which constitute the factors of right living (dhamma), viz. (1) s¨la- the group dealing with the practice of morality; (2) sam¤dhi- that dealing with the development of concentration; (3) pa¾¾¤- that dealing with the development of true wisdom. They are also known under the terms of s¨la-sampad¤, citta-, pa¾¾¤- D I.172 sq.; see s¨la. -- D I.206; Nett 64 sq.; 126. t¨hi dhammehi samann¤gato "possessed of the three qualities," viz. s¨la-kkhandhesu, etc. It 51; cp. A I.291; V.326. t¨hi khandhehi . . . aÂÂhangiko maggo sangahito M I.301; s¨lakkhandhaµ, etc. parip¬reti "to fulfil the s¨la-group" A I.125; II.20, III.15 sq. These 3 are completed to a set of 5 by (4) vimutti- the group dealing with the attainment of emancipation and (5) vimutti-¾¤¼a-dassana -the group dealing with the realization of the achievement of emancipation. As 1-4 only at D III.229 (misprint pu¾¾a for pa¾¾¤); cp. A I.125. As 5 at S I.99=A I.162; S V.162; A III.134, 271; V.16 (all loc.=S I.99); It 107, 108; Nd2 under s¨la.
B. (absolute) in individual sense: constituent element, factor, substantiality. More especially as khandh¤ (pl.) the elements or substrata of sensory existence, sensorial aggregates which condition the appearance of life in any form. Their character according to quality and value of life and body is evanescent, fraught with ills & leading to rebirth. Paraphrased by Bdhgh. as r¤si, heap, e. g. Asl. 141; Vibh A 1 f.; cf. B. Psy. 42. 1. Unspecified. They are usually enumerated in the foll. stereotyped set of 5: r¬pa- (material qualities), vedan¤ (feeling), sa¾¾¤ (perception), sankh¤r¤ (coefficients of consciousness), vi¾¾¤¼a (consciousness). For further ref. see r¬pa; cp. also Mrs. Rh. D. Dhs trsl. pp. 40-56. They are enumerated in a different order at S I.112, viz. r¬paµ vedayitaµ sa¾¾aµ vi¾¾¤¼aµ ya¾ ca sankhataµ n' eso 'ham asmi. Detailed discussions as to their nature see e. g. S III.101 (=Vbh 1-61); S III.47; III.86. As being comprised in each of the dh¤tus, viz. kama- r¬pa- ar¬pa-dh¤tu Vbh 404 sq. (a) As factors of existence (cp. bhava). Their rôle as such is illustrated by the famous simile: "yath¤ hi angasambh¤r¤ hoti saddo ratho iti evaµ khandhesu santesu hoti satto ti sammuti" "just as it is by the condition precedent of the co-existence of its various parts, that the word "chariot" is used, just so it is that when the skandhas are there, we talk of a "being" " (Rh. D.) (cp. Hardy, Man. Buddh. p. 425) S I.135=Miln 28. Their connotation "khandha" is discussed at S III.101 =M III.16: "kitt¤vat¤ nu kho khandh¤naµ khandh¢dhivacanaµ? r¬paµ (etc.) at¨t¢n¤gatapaccuppannaµ ajjhattaµ v¤ bahiddh¤ v¤ o²¤rikaµ," etc.: i.e. material qualities are equivalent terms for the kh. What causes the manifestation of each kh.? catt¤ro mah¤bh¬t¤ . . . paccayo r¬pa-khandhassa pa¾¾¤pan¤ya; phasso . . . vedana-, sa¾¾¤-, sankh¤r¤-, etc.; n¤mar¬paµ . . . vi¾¾¤¼a-: the material elements are the cause of r¬pa, touch is that of vedan¤, sa¾¾¤, sankh¤r¤, name and shape that of vi¾¾¤¼a (S III.101); cp. M I.138 sq., 234 sq. On the same principle rests their division in: r¬pa-k¤yo r¬pakkhandho n¤mak¤yo catt¤ro ar¬pino khandh¤ "the material body forms the material factor (of existence), the individualized body the 4 immaterial factors" Nett 41; the r¬pakkhandha only is k¤madh¤tu-pariy¤panno: Vbh 409; the 4 ar¬pino kh- discussed at Ps II.74, also at Vbh 230, 407 sq. (grouped with what is apariy¤panna) -- Being the "substantial" factors of existence, birth & death depend on the khandhas. They appear in every new conjuncture of individuality concerning their function in this paÂisandhi-kkha¼e; see Ps II.72-76. Thus the var. phases of life in transmigration are defined as -- (j¤ti:) ya tesa¸ tesa¸ satt¤naµ tamhi tamhi satta-nik¤ye j¤ti sa¾j¤ti okkanti abhinibbatti khandh¤naµ p¤tubh¤vo ¤yatan¤naµ paÂil¤bho Nd2 on Sn 1052; cp. j¤ti dv¨hi khandhehi sangahit¤ ti VvA 29; khandh¤naµ p¤tubh¤vo j¤ti S II.3; Nett 29; khandh¤naµ nibbatti j¤ti Vism 199. -- (mara¼aµ:) y¤ tesa¸ tesa¸ satt¤naµ . . . cuti cavanat¤ bhedo antaradh¤naµ maccu mara¼aµ k¤lakiriy¤ khandh¤naµ bhedo kalevarassa nikkhepo M I.49=Vbh 137=S II.3, 42. -- vivaÂÂa-kkhandha (adj.) one whose khandhas have revolved (passed away), i. e. dead S I.121=III.123. -- kh-anaµ udaya-vyaya (or udayabbaya) the rising and passing of the kh., transmigration Dh 374=Th 1, 23, 379=It 120=KhA 82; Ps I.54 sq. -- (b) Their relation to attachment and craving (k¤ma): sattis¬l¬pam¤ k¤m¤ khandh¤naµ adhikuÂÂan¤ S I.128=Th 2, 58, 141 (ThA 65: natthi tesa¸ adhik-?); craving is their cause & soil: hetupaÂicca sambh¬t¤ kh. S I.134; the 4 ar¬pino kh. are based on lobha, dosa, moha Vbh 208. -- (c) their annihilation: the kh. remain as long as the knowledge of their true character is not attained, i. e. of their cause & removal: yaµ r¬paµ, etc. . . . n' etaµ mama n' eso 'haµ asmi na m' eso att¤ ti; evaµ etaµ yath¤bh¬taµ sammappa¾¾¤ya passati; evaµ kho j¤nato passato . . . ahank¤ramamank¤ra-m¤n¢nusay¤ na hont¨ ti S III.103; -pa¾ca-kkhandhe pari¾¾¤ya S III.83; pa¾ca-kkhandh¤ pari¾¾¤t¤ tiÂÂhanti chinnam¬lak¤ Th 2, 106. See also S I.134. -- (d) their relation to dh¤tu (the physical elements) and ¤yatana (the elements of sense-perception) is close, since they are all dependent on sensory experience. The 5 khandhas are frequently mentioned with the 18 dh¤tuyo & the 12 ¤yatan¤ni: khandh¤ ca dh- cha ca ¤yatan¤ ime hetuµ paÂicca sambh¬t¤ hetubhang¤ nirujjhare S I.134; kh-dh-¤yatanaµ sankhataµ j¤tim¬laµ Th 2, 472; dhammaµ adesesi khandh' ¤yatana-dh¤tuyo Th 2, 43 (cp. ThA 49). Enumerated under sabba-dhamm¤ Ps I.101=II.230; under dhamm¤ (states) Dhs 121, as lokuttara-kkhandh¤, etc. Dhs 358, 528, 552. -- khandh¤naµ khandhaÂÂho abhi¾¾eyyo, dh¤t¬naµ dh¤tuÂÂho, etc. Ps I.17; cp. I.132; II.121, 157. In def. of k¤m¢vacar¤ bh¬mi Ps I.83. In def. of dukkha and its recognition Nett 57. In def. of arahanto kh¨¼¤sav¤ Nd2 on sankh¤ta-dhamm¤ ("kh. sankh¤t¤," etc.), on ti¼¼a ("khandha- (etc.) pariyante thit¤"), & passim. -- (e) their valuation & their bearing on the "soul"-conception is described in the terms of na mama (na tumh¤kaµ), anatt¤, aniccaµ and dukkhaµ (cp. up¤d¤nakkh- infra and r¬pa) r¬paµ (etc.) . . . aniccaµ, dukkhaµ, n' eso 'ham asmi, n 'eso me att¤ "material qualities (etc. kh. 2-5) are evanescent, bad, I am not this body, this body is not my soul" Vin I.14=S IV.382. n' eso 'ham asmi na m' eso att¤ S I.112; III.103, 130 & passim; cp. k¤yo na tumh¤kaµ (anatt¤ r¬paµ) S II.65; Nd2 680; and r¬paµ na tumh¤kaµ S III.33 M I.140=Nd2 680. -- r¬paµ, etc. as anatt¤: Vin I.13; S III.78, 132-134; A I.284= II.171; 202; cp. S III.101; Vin I.14. -- as aniccaµ: S III.41, 52, 102, 122, 132 sq., 181 sq., 195 sq., 202-224, 227; A IV.147 (anicc¢nupass¨ dukkh¢nupass¨); anicca dukkha roga, etc., Ps II.238 sq.; Vbh 324. -- 2. Specified as panc' up¤d¤na-kkhandh¤ the factors of the fivefold clinging to existence. Defined & discussed in detail (r¬p¬pad¤na-kkhandha, etc.) S III.47; 86-88; also Vin I.10; S III.127 sq. Specified S III.58 III.100=M III.16; S III.114, 158 sq.; V.52, 60; A IV.458; Vism 443 sq. (in ch. xiv: Khandha-niddesa), 611 sq. (judged aniccato, etc.). -- Mentioned as a set exemplifying the number 5: Kh III.; Ps I.22, 122. Enumerated in var. connections S I.112; D III.233; M I.190; A V.52; Kh IV. (expld KhA 82=A V.52); Miln 12 (var. references concerning the discussion of the kh. in the Abhidhamma). -- What is said of the khandhas alone-see above 1 (a)-(e)-is equally applied to them in connection with up¤d¤na. (a) As regards their origin they are characterized as chandam¬lak¤ "rooted in desire, or in wilful desire" S III.100; cp. yo kho . . . pa¾cas' up¤d¤nakkhandhesu chandar¤go taµ tattha up¤d¤naµ ti M I.300, 511. Therefore the foll. attributes are characteristic: kummo pa¾cann' etaµ up¤d- ¤naµ adhivacanaµ M I.144; bh¤r¤ have pa¾cakkh-¤ S III.26; pa¾cavadhak¤ paccatthik¤ pa¾cann' . . . adhivacanaµ S IV.174; pa¾c' up¤d- . . . sakk¤yo vutto M I.299= S IV.259. -- (b) their contemplation leads to the recognition of their character as dukkha, anicca, anatt¤: na ki¾ci att¤naµ v¤ attaniyaµ v¤ pa¾casu up¤d¤nakkhandhesu S III.128; rogato, etc. . . . manasik¤tabb¤ pa¾c- S III.167; pa¾casu up¤d-esu anicc¢nupass¨ "realizing the evanescence in the 5 aggregates of attachment" A V.109; same with udayavyay¢nupass¨ S III.130; A II.45, 90; III.32; IV.153; and dhamm¢nupass¨ M I.61. Out of which realization follows their gradual destruction: pa¾c' . . . khandh¤naµ samudayo atthangamo ass¤do, etc. S III.31, 160 sq.; A II.45, 90; IV.153; Nd2 under sankh¤r¤. That they occupy a prominent position as determinants of dukkha is evident from their rôle in the exposition of dukkha as the first one of the noble truths: sankhittena pa¾c'up¤d¤nakkhandh¤ pi dukkh¤ "in short, the 5 kh. are associated with pain" Vin I.10=M I.48=A I.177=S V.421; Ps I.37, 39; Vbh 101 & passim; cp. katamaµ dukkham ariyasaccaµ? pa¾c'up¤d- ¤ tissa vacan¨yaµ, seyyath¨daµ . . . S III.158=V.425; khandh¤dis¤ dukkh¤ Dh 202 (& expl. DhA III.261). -- 3. Separately mentioned: khandh¤ as tayo ar¬pino kh- (ved-, sa¾¾a-, sankh-) DhA I.22; vi¾¾¤¼a-kh- (the skandha of discriminative consciousness) in Def. of manas: manindriyaµ vi¾¾¤¼aµ vi¾¾-khandho tajj¤ manovi¾¾¤¼adh¤tu Nd2 on Sn 1142=Dhs 68.
-¢dhivacana having kh. as attribute (see above) S III.101=M III.16;
-¤v¤ra a camp, either (1) fortified (with niveseti) or (2) not (with bandh¤peti), esp. in the latter meaning w. ref. to a halting place of a caravan (=khandh¤v¤ra?) (1) J IV. 151; V.162; DhA I.193, 199. (2) J I.101, 332; PvA 113; DhA II.79. Said of a hermitage J V.35. -- fig. in s¨la-khandh¤v¤raµ bandhitv¤ "to settle in the camp of good conduct" DA I.244;
-ja (adj.-n.) sprung from the trunk (of the tree), i. e. a growth or parasite S I.207=Sn 272, expl. at SnA 304; khandhesu j¤t¤ khandha-j¤, p¤roh¤nam etaµ adhivacanaµ. -niddesa disquisition about the khandhas Vism (ch. xiv esp.) 482, 485, 492, 509, 558, 389.
-paÂip¤Âi succession of khandhas Vism 411 sq.
-paritta protective spell as regards the khandhas (as N. of a Suttanta) Vism 414.
-b¨ja "trunk seed" as one kind of var. seeds, with m¬la- pha²u- agga- b¨ja- at Vin V.132, & D I.5, expld. DA I.81: n¤ma assattho nigrodho pilakkho udumbaro kacchako kapitthano ti evam-¤di.
-rasa taste of the stem, one of various tastes, as m¬la- khandha- taca- patta- puppha-, etc. Dhs 629=Nd2 540. -loka the world of sensory aggregates, with dh¤tu- and ¤yatanaloka Ps I.122.
-vibhanga division dealing with the khandhas (i. e. Vibh. 1 sq.) Miln 12.
-sant¤na duration of the khandhas Vism 414.

Up¤d¤na: (nt.) [fr. upa + ¤ + d¤] -- (lit. that (material) substratum by means of which an active process is kept alive or going), fuel, supply, provision; adj. supported by, drawing one's existence from S I.69; II 85 (aggikkhandho -assa pariy¤d¤n¤ by means of taking up fuel); V.284 (v¤t-); J III.342 sa-up¤d¤na (adj.) provided with fuel S IV.399; anup¤d¤na without fuel DhA II.163. 2. (appld.) "drawing upon", grasping, holding on, grip, attachment; adj. finding one's support by or in, clinging to, taking up, nourished by. See on term Dhs trsln. 323 & Cpd. 171. They are classified as 4 up¤d¤n¤ni or four Graspings viz. k¤m-, diÂÂh-, s¨labbat-, attav¤d- or the graspings arising from sense-desires, speculation, belief in rites, belief in the soul-theory D II.58; III.230; M I.51, 66; S II.3; V 59; Dhs 1213; Ps I.129; II.46, 47; Vbh 375; Nett 48; Vism 569. -- For up¤d¤na in var. connections see the foll. passages: D I.25; II.31, 33, 56; III.278; M I.66, 136 (attav¤d-) 266; S II.14, 17, 30, 85; III.10, 13 sq., 101, 135, 167, 191; IV.32, 87 sq., 102 (tannissitaµ vi¾¾¤¼aµ tadup¤d¤naµ), 390, 400 (= ta¼h¤); A IV.69; V.111 (up¤y-); Sn 170, 358, 546; Ps I.51 sq., 193; II.45 sq, 113; Vbh 18, 30, 67, 79, 119, 132; Dhs 1059, 1136, 1213, 1536 sq.; Nett 28 sq., 41 sq., 114 sq.; DhA IV.194. -- sa- full of attachment (to life) M I.65; Vin III.111; S IV.102; an- unattached, not showing attachment to existence S IV.399; Vin III.111; Th 1, 840; Miln 32; DA I.98.
-kkhandha, usually as pa¾c- up¤d¤na-kkhandh¤ the factors of the "fivefold clinging to existence" [cp. BSk. pa¾c- u-skandh¤h.