½¤¼a: (nt.) [from j¤n¤ti. See also janana. *gen¦, as in Gr. gnw_--sis (cp. gnostic), gnw/mh; Lat. (co)gnitio; Goth. kunpi; Ogh. kunst; E. knowledge] knowledge, intelligence, insight, conviction, recognition, opp. a¾¤¼a & avijj¤, lack of k. or ignorance.

1. ½¤¼a in the theory of cognition: it occurs in intensive couple--compounds with terms of sight as cakkhu (eye) & dassana (sight, view), e. g. in cakkhu--kara¼a ¾a¼a--kara¼a "opening our eyes & thus producing knowledge" i. e. giving us the eye of knowledge (a mental eye) (see cakkhu, j¤n¤ti passati, & cpd. °kara¼a): Bhagava j¤na¸ j¤n¤ti passa¸ passati cakkhu--bh¬to ¾a¼a--bh¬to (=he is one perfected in knowledge) M I.111=Nd2 2353h; natthi hetu natthi paccayo ¾a¼aya dassanaya ahetu apaccayo ¾a¼a¸ dassana¸ hoti "through seeing & knowing," i. e. on grounds of definite knowledge arises the sure conviction that where there is no cause there is no consequence S V.126. Cp. also the relation of diÂÂhi to ¾a¼a. This implies that all things visible are knowable as well as that all our knowledge is based on empirical grounds; y¤vataka¸ ¾eyya¸ t¤vataka¸ ¾a¼a¸ Nd2 2353m; ya¸ ¾a¼a¸ ta¸ dassana¸, ya¸ dassana¸ ta¸ ¾a¼a¸ Vin III.91; ¾a¼a+dassana (i. e. full vision) as one of the characteristics of Arahantship: see arahant II.D. Cp. BSk. j¾anadarsana, e. g. AvS I.210.

2. Scope and character of ¾a¼a: ¾. as faculty of understanding is included in pa¾¾a (cp. wisdom=perfected knowledge). The latter signifies the spiritual wisdom which embraces the fundamental truths of morality & conviction (such as anicca¸ anatta dukkha¸: Miln 42); whereas ¾. is relative to common experience (see Nd2 2353 under cakkhuma, & on rel. of p. & ¾. Ps I.59 sq.; 118 sq.; II.189 sq.). - Perception (sa¾¾a) is necessary to the forming of ¾a¼a, it precedes it (D I.185); as sure knowledge ¾. is preferable to saddha (S IV.298); at Vin III.91 the definition of ¾. is given with tisso vijja (3 kinds of knowledge); they are specified at Nd2 266 as aÂÂhasamapatti--¾a¼a (consisting in the 8 attainments, viz. jhana & its 4 succeeding developments), pa¾c' abhi¾¾a° (the 5 higher knowledges, see pa¾¾a & abhi°), miccha° (false k. or heresy). Three degrees of k. are distinguished at DA I.100, viz. savaka--parami--¾a¼a, paccekabuddha°, sabba¾¾uta° (highest k. of a relig. student, k. of a wise man, & omniscience). Four objects of k. (as objects of truth or sammadiÂÂhi) are enumd as dhamme ¾a¼a¸, anvaye ¾., paricchede ¾., sammuti ¾. at D III.226, 277; other four as dukkhe ¾. (dukkha--) samudaye ¾., nirodhe ¾., magge ¾. (i. e. the knowledge of the paÂicca--samuppada) at D III.227; Ps I.118; Vbh 235 (=sammadiÂÂhi). Right knowledge (or truth) is contrasted with false k. (miccha--¾a¼a=micchadiÂÂhi): S V.384; M II.29; A II.222; V.327; Vbh 392.

3. ½a¼a in application:

(a) Vin I.35; D II.155 (opp. pasada); S I.129 (cittamhi susamahite ¾a¼amhi vuttamanamhi); II.60 (jatipaccaya jaramara¼an ti ¾.Q see ¾--vatthu); A I.219 (on precedence of either samadhi or ¾.); Sn 378, 789, 987 (muddhani ¾a¼a¸ tassa na vijjati), 1078 (diÂÂhi, suti, ¾.: doctrine, revelation, personal knowledge, i. e. intelligence; differently expl. at Nd2 266), 1113; Pv III.51 (Sugatassa ¾. is asadhara¼a¸) Ps I.194 sq.; II.244; Vbh 306 sq. (¾--vibhanga), 328 sq. (kammassakata¸ ¾.); Nett 15 sq.; 161 (+¾eyya), 191 (id.).

(b) ¾a¼a¸ hoti or uppajjati knowledge comes to (him) i. e. to reason, to arrive at a conclusion (with iti=that . . .) S II.124=III.28 (uppajjati); D III.278 (id.); A II.211 small IV.75; V.195; S III.154. See also arahant II.D.

(c) Var. attributes of ¾.: anuttariya A V.37; aparapaccaya (k. of the non--effect of causation through lack of cause) S II.17, 78; III.135; V.179, 422 sq. (=sammadiÂÂhi), same as ahetu--¾a¼a S V.126; asadhara?a (incomparable, uncommon k.) A III.441; PvA 197; akuppa D III.273; ariya A III.451; pariyodata S I.198; bhiyyosomatta S III.112; yatha bhuta¸ (proper, definite, right k.) (concerning kaya, etc.) S V.144; A III.420; V.37.

(d) knowledge of, about or concerning, consisting in or belonging to, is expressed either by loc. or --° (equal to subj. or obj. gen.).

(i) with loc.: anuppade ¾. D III.214, 274; anvaye D III.226, 277; kaye D III.274; khaye D III.214, 220 (asavana?; cp. M I.23, 183, 348; II.38), 275; S II.30; Nett 15; cutûpapate D III.111, 220; dukkhe (etc.) D IIII.227; S II.4; V.8, 430; dhamme D III.226; S II.58; nibbane S II.124 (cp. IV.86).

(ii) as -°: anavara?a° DA I.100; ariya S I.228; A III.451; khanti Ps I.106; jatissara J I.167; cutûpapata M I.22, 183, 347; II.38, etc.; ceto--pariya D III.100, & °pariyaya S V.160; dibbacakkhu Ps I.114; dhammaÂÂhiti S II.60, 124; Ps I.50; nibbida Ps I.195; pubbe--nivasa^nusati M I.22, 248, 347; II.38, etc.; Buddha° Nd2 2353; Ps I.133; II.31, 195; DA I.100; sabba¾¾uta Ps I.131 sq.; DA I.99 sq.; PvA 197; sekha S II.43, 58, 80, & asekha S III.83.

(iii) a¾¾a¼a wrong k., false view, ignorance, untruth S I.181; II.92; III.258 sq.; V.126; A II.11; Sn 347, 839; Ps I.80; Pug 21; Dhs 390, 1061; see avijja & micchadiÂÂhi.

--indriya the faculty of cognition or understanding Dhs 157;
--ûpapanna endowed with k. Sn 1077 (=Nd2 266b °upeta); --kara¼a (adj.) giving (right) understanding, enlightening, in combn w. cakkhukara¼a (giving (in)--sight, cp. "your eyes shall be opened and ye shall be knowing good and evil" Gen. 35): kusalavitakka anandha--kara¼a cakkhu° ¾a¼a° It 82; f.
--i (of majjhima--paÂipada) S IV.331;
--cakkhu the eye of k. PvA 166;
--jala the net of k., in phrase ¾a¼ajalassa anto paviÂÂha coming within the net, i. e. into the range of one's intelligence or mental eye (clear sight) DhA I.26; II.37, 58, 96; III.171, 193; IV.61; VvA 63;
--dassana "knowing and seeing," "clear sight," i. e. perfect knowledge; having a vision of truth, i. e. recognition of truth, philosophy, (right) theory of life, all-comprising knowledge. Defined as tisso vijja (see above 2) at Vin IV.26; fully discussed at DA I.220, cp. also def. at Ps II.244.
-- Vin II.178. (parisuddha°;+ajiva, dhammadesana, veyyakara¼a); III.90 sq.; V.164, 197; D I.76 following after the jhanas as the first step of pa¾¾a, see pa¾¾a-sampada); III.134, 222 (°paÂilabha), 288 (°visuddhi); M I.195 sq.; 202 sq., 482; II.9, 31; Nett 17, 18, 28; see also vimutti°;
--dassin one who possesses perfect k. Sn 478; --patha the path of k. Sn 868;
--phusana experience, gaining of k. DhA I.230;
--bandhu an associate or friend of k. Sn 911;
--bhuta in comb" w. cakkhubhuta, having become seeing & knowing, i. e. being wise S II.255; IV.94; A V.226 sq.;
--vatthuni (pl.) the objects or items of (right) knowledge which means k. of the paÂiccasamuppada or causal connection of phenomena. As 44 (i. e. 4 X 11, all constituents except avijja, in analogy to the 4 parts of the ariyasaccani) S II.56 sq., as 77 (7 X 11) S II.59 sq.; discussed in extenso at Vbh 306--344 (called ¾a¼avatthu);
--vada talk about (the attainment of supreme) knowledge D III.13 sq.; A V.42 sq.;
--vippayutta disconnected with k. Dhs 147, 157, 270;
--vimokkha emancipation through k. Ps II.36, 42;
--visesa distinction of k., superior k. PvA 196;
--sampayutta associated with k. Dhs 1, 147, 157, etc.; Vbh 169 sq., 184, 285 sq., 414 sq.

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